Traditional and Indigenous Medicine in the Eastern Mediterranean

Traditional and Indigenous medicine in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMRO) has deep historical roots, intertwined with the cultural and spiritual heritage of countries across North Africa, the Middle East, and parts of South Asia. Ancient medical systems like Unani, Islamic medicine, and Pharaonic medicine have played a significant role in healthcare for centuries, emphasizing the holistic balance between body, mind, and spirit. Traditional practices such as herbalism, cupping therapy (Hijama), and spiritual healing are still widely used, especially in rural and underserved areas. Native plants such as fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), myrrh (Commiphora myrrha), and Aloe vera are commonly used for their medicinal properties. These herbs treat a variety of ailments, including digestive disorders, respiratory infections, and skin conditions, and continue to be essential in the region’s traditional healthcare systems.

The diversity of traditional medicine practices in the EMRO region reflects the blending of different cultural influences over millennia. Unani medicine, which has roots in Greek and Persian traditions, focuses on restoring balance in the body’s four humors, using medicinal plants, dietary regulations, and natural therapies. Islamic medicine, informed by prophetic traditions, places significant emphasis on herbal remedies and spiritual well-being. Black seed (Nigella sativa), a native plant of the region, is widely used for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-boosting properties. In countries like Egypt, Morocco, and Yemen, traditional healers continue to offer treatments that are closely connected to local flora, with a deep understanding of the medicinal plants endemic to the region’s ecosystems.

Despite its widespread use and cultural significance, traditional medicine is often seen as secondary to conventional healthcare in the region. However, there is a growing movement to integrate traditional practices into formal healthcare systems, with countries such as Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt taking steps toward recognizing the value of collaborative knowledge inquiry. These efforts aim to bridge the gap between traditional and conventional medicine, ensuring that both systems contribute to improving healthcare access, particularly in rural areas. By fostering mutual respect and protecting the intellectual property of Indigenous healers and practitioners, the EMRO region is working toward a more inclusive and sustainable healthcare system, recognizing the intrinsic value of both traditional and conventional knowledge.